Semester Numero Uno - Final Study Guide

TEXTS that you will need to know (and I mean know beyond comprehension), be able to relate to themes, to other texts with similar themes (compare and contrast), be able to explain symbols, make arguments about actions of characters, etc.

“The Death of Conchobhar”
“Branwen, Daughter of Llyr” - between Ireland and Wales; king of Ireland wants to marry Branwen (Bendigiefran's sister); wanted peace-pledge; Efnisien decides to mutilate Matholwch's horses because of marriage; Matholwch goes away and leaves Branwen; Bendigiefran repays with gold, horses, and cauldron of resurrection (can't talk though); Branwen has a son after a year, then people of Ireland start complaining; Matholwch decides to punsih Branwen by putting her in the kitchen and having her be boxed on the ear by the baker every day; tells bird to take note to Wales; Bendigiefran upset because his sister has been insulted; walks across water; Matholwch decides to make peace; makes big tent (Bendigiefran had never been inside); Efnisien sees trap and kills all Irish warriors in flour sacks; Matholwch says he is going to make Bendigiefran's nephew king of Ireland; Efnisien throws boy into fire; battle ensues; Irish put bodies into cauldron; Efnisien pretends that he's dead and is thrown into cauldron, then breaks it; Bendigiefran gets poisoned; has warriors kill him; bury his head towards France for protection; everyone died but a few; Manawydan (last surviving brother) becomes a sort of wanderer; everyone in Ireland dead except a few mothers in Ireland who repopulate.
“The Battle of Muldon” - English vs. Vikings, Vikings on island, ask to cross bridge to mainland, English says okay, English die, shows Pride (oftermod).
Hrolf Kraki
Beowulf
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

THEMES: The Corruption of Power, Christianity vs. Paganism, The Role of Women, The Role of Christianity, The Roles of Kings and Warriors, Loyalty, Pride, The Role of Magic, Fate (wyrd), Faith, Blood-Money (wergild), Banishment, Good vs. Evil, Hospitality, Revenge.

Some Definitions you’ll need to remember: Wergild, wyrd, kenning, alliteration, epic hero, epic poem, epic boast, chivalry.

Wergild and Wyrd - Wergild is blood money, paid by the murderer to the family of the slain. You couldn't really pay wergild if you killed someone who was related to you, which is why kin killing was so bad. The paying of wergild, or the lack of wergild, determined the outcome of many feuds. Wyrd means fate, and was believed to cause everything in this culture.

Kenning - a metaphorical phrase or compound metaphor used instead of the actual name of the thing

Alliteration - the repitition of consonant sounds

Epic Hero - a hero in an epic; usually has above-average strength, intelligence, or morals, but also had a tragic flaw

Epic Poem - a poem in which the hero is on a heroic quest and there is some problem they must overcome

Epic Boast - bragging done by an epic hero

Chivalry - a knight's code; needed traits like protecting the weak, being loyal to the king, being a gentleman, must uphold the dignity of all, being an example to the young, respects the religious rights of all, his word is his bond, must know good from evil, never betrays trust, contributes to the betterment of the world.

List of Characters that you will need to know: Conchobhar, Cet, Meis-Geghra, Finghin, Bendigiefran, Branwen, Matholwch, Manawydan, Efnisien, Nisien, Beowulf, Grendel, Hygelac, Hrothgar, Shield Sheafson, Wulfgar, Wiglaf, Unferth, Finn, Sigmund, Wealtheow, Morgan Le Fay, Sir Gawain, King Arthur, The Green Knight, The Mistress, Hrolf Kraki, Bodvar, Hott, Adils, Bera, Bjorn, Svipdag, Elk-Frodi, Helgi, Skuld, Elf Woman, Yrsa, Olof

Conchobar - the stupid king who got hit with a brain ball and died after trying to go avenge Jesus. Role of Kings, Paganism vs. Christianity, Corruption of Power.
Cet - the great warrior who avenged Meis-Geghra by throwing Meis-Geghra's brain ball at Conchobar after stealing it from some warriors. Role of Warriors, Revenge.
Meis-Geghra - the guy whose brain ball kills Conchobar. Revenge.
Finghin - the doctor that sews the brain ball to Conchobar's head.
Bendigiefran - king of Wales; brother of Branwen; a giant. Role of Kings, Revenge, Hospitality.
Branwen - from Wales; married to Matholwch, king of Ireland; failed peace-pledge. Role of Women.
Matholwch - king of Ireland; marries Branwen. Role of Kings, Revenge, Hospitality.
Manawydan - last surviving brother of Wales royalty; becomes wanderer after Bendigiefran's head is buried.
Efnisien - trickster of Wales; gets everyone into trouble. Revenge, Role of a Warrior, Good vs. Evil, Hospitality, Pride (didn't ask him before Branwen was married off).
Nisien - the good brother. Good vs. Evil.

Beowulf - the epic hero. The greatest warrior who ever lived. Saves Hrothgar and his people. A Geat from across the sea. Has a mysterious past involving his father. Has a pride issue. Becomes king after Hygelac, for 50 years, but doesn't do a very good job because he can't let go of the past. Doesn't want to be king, but is kind of forced into it. Dies at the talons of a dragon. Pride, Role of a King, Role of a Warrior, Wyrd, Wergild.

Grendel - the monster that wreaks Havoc on Heorot that Beowulf kills. A descendant of Cain who is cursed to live the life of an outcast and can't speak coherently (But really, he's just misunderstood...). Still lives with his mom. Paganism vs. Christianity, Good vs. Evil.

Hygelac - king of Geatland before Beowulf; died in an unnecessary raid in Friesland. Role of Kings, Pride.
Hrothgar - king of the Shieldings (Danes). Plagued by Grendel, forever indebted to Beowulf. Descendant of Shield. A good king. Role of Kings, Hospitality, Paganism vs. Christianity, Wergild.
Shield - the long-dead king of the Danes. A great warrior and king. Ancestor of Hrothgar. Parallel to Beowulf. (A good king is a shield to his people.) Role of Kings.
Wulfgar - the herald of Hrothgar. Wise and a good warrior. Hospitality.
Wiglaf - the inexperienced warrior that stays to fight the dragon even after Beowulf is obviously ging to fail. Uses the weapons and armor of his father, Weohstan, an exile, who had killed Eanmund, the son of Ohthere. The last of the Waegmundings, the clan that Ecgtheow blonged to, so he is Beowulf's kin. Helps Beowulf slay the dragon. Predicts the downfall of the Geats. Role of a Warrior, Loyalty.
Unferth - pretty much Hrothgar's court jester. A drunkard who starts fights even though he knows he can't win. A cowardly kin-killer. Loans Beowulf his sword, Hrunting, to defeat Grendel's mom. Role of a Warrior, Hospitality.

Finn - king of the Frisians. Killed by Hengest, a Dane, in an ambush. Revenge, Role of a King.
Sigmund - The hero of the Volsung Saga. Kills a great dragon and gets a ton of money and fame. Parallels to Beowulf, and foreshadow. A good warrior. Role of a Warrior, Paganism vs. Christianity.
Wealtheow - wife of Hrothgar. Lots o' foreshadow, especially towards her sons. Very intelligent even though she is a woman. Gives Beowulf advice. A working peace pledge. Role of Women, Wyrd.

Morgana Le Fay - old woman in Gawain; Gawain's aunt, Arthur's half-sister. A sorceress who plans out the whole plot. Paganism vs. Christianity, Good vs. Evil, Role of Women.
Gawain - most pure of King Arthur's knights; follows a strict code of chivalry and holiness; takes bet with Green Knight. Role of a Warrior, Good vs. Evil, Christianity vs. Paganism, Loyalty.
King Arthur - king of England during the Middle Ages; had to hear a story at Yuletide. Role of a King.
Green Knight - goes to King Arthur's court at Yule and makes deal with Gawain; tests Gawain; symbolizes nature, rebirth, Paganism. Paganism vs. Christianity, the Role of Magic.
Gawain's Mistress - tempts Gawain while he is in Bertilak's house; makes Gawain impure; gives him a green magical girdle. The Role of Magic, Paganism vs. Christianity, Loyalty, the Role of Women.
Hrolf Kraki - son of Yrsa and Helgi; becomes king of the Danes; takes in Svipdag and his brothers; tricks Skuld's husband; dies at the hands of Skuld. Revenge, Role of Kings, Role of a Warrior.
Bodvar - the only normal son of Bera and Bjorn; has a spirit bear; one of Hrolf's champions; brother of Elk-Frodi and Thorir. The Role of Magic, Role of a Warrior.
Hott/Hjalti - hides in bone pit in Hrolf's hall; rescued by Bodvar; drink the blood of a beast and becomes strong; one of Hrolf's champions. Role of a Warrior, Role of Magic.
Adils - King of Sweden; marries Yrsa; kills Helgi; gets his butt cut off.
Bera - a freeman's daughter, in love with Bjorn, eats the bear meet and gets the ring, has three strong (weird) sons.
Bjorn - son of Hring, gets turned into a were-bear by Hvit, in love with Bera, impregnates Bera, gets killed by the king and his men.
Svipdag - son of Svip, becomes great warrior, works for Adils and then Hrolf.
Elk-Frodi - lower half of his body is part elk, first son of Bera and Bjorn, becomes an outlaw after taking his less-than-pleasing inheritance, goes on to kill Skuld.
Helgi - son of Halfdan, hides with Vifil, then hides with Jarl Saevil and Signy, kills Frodi, rules Denmark, tries to marry Olof, tricks and rapes Olof, marries Yrsa (his daughter), gives Hroar the magic ring, avenges Hroar by killing Hrok, father of Hrolf, is left by Yrsa, becomes depressed, father of Skuld by an elf, killed by Adils.
Skuld - Helgi's half-elf daughter, half-sister of Hrolf, marries Hjorvard, bad.
Elf Woman - ends up on Helgi's doorstep; mother of Skuld.
Yrsa - daughter of Olof and Helgi, marries Helgi, leaves Helgi, gives Hrolf Helgi's treasure.
Olof - Queen of Saxland, like Modthryth, tricks Helgi, then tricked by Helgi, mother of Yrsa, tells the happy couple of Yrsa and Helgi that they are father and daughter.

For major characters (or protagonists) make sure you can discuss character flaws and what those flaws are meant to do – or how they inform us of someone larger idea.

Motifs: ambush, birds and horses, the mutilation of horses, betrayal while the king is away, divine protection, the troublemaker, beheading, kin killing, importance of ancestors, reputation, the arming of the warrior, the fairy world, green, Yuletide happenings.

Ambush - the story of Finn and Hengest (Hildeburh was the queen of the Frisians, a peace pledge from the Danes. Her brother was Hnaef, and her husband was Finn, king of the Frisians. Hnaef is killed by the Frisians. Finn's hall is ambushed by the Danes, under Hengest, the new ruler of the Danes, and Finn is killed. Hildeburh is taken back to Denmark. This digression shows the Role of Women and Peace Pledges through Hildeburh, and also Wergild and Kin Killing.), the attempted ambush by the men in the flour bags in "Branwen", and Gawain's test.

Birds & Horses - Efnisien mutilates the horses of Matholwch, Branwen sends a note through a bird.

Betrayal While the King is Away - Gawain and the mistress while Bertilak is hunting, Grendel attacking Heorot while Hrothgar is asleep.

Divine Protection - Odin helps Hrolf and his men when they go to Adils, Beowulf is protected by God (according to the monk), Gawain is protected by Mary (which he forfeits for the girdle).

The Troublemaker - Efnisien, Grendel, Gawain's Mistress, Olof.

Beheading - Beowulf beheads Grendel's mom, the Green Knight and Gawain's deal, Bendigiefran's magic head.

Kin Killing - Unferth, Skuld, Helgi and Hroar kill their uncle.

Importance of Ancestors - Beowulf's father (Ecgtheow), Hrothgar, Helgi (son of Haldane).

Reputation - Unferth, Beowulf, Hrolf and his champions, Matholwch.

The Arming of the Warrior - Beowulf having no armor, Beowulf's swords, Gawain's special armor.

The Fairy World - Gawain and the Green Chapel, Branwen's magic family, Skuld.

Green - The Green Knight, Paganism vs. Christianity, renewal, magic.

Yuletide Happenings - Gawain and the Green Chapel deal, Skuld's war, Hroar and Helgi burned Frodi's hall, Elf Woman visits Helgi, the beast that Bodvar and Hott take care of.

Symbols: the brain-ball, the cauldron of resurrection, Heorot, Grendel, the Dragon, the fiery lake (and Grendel’s mothers’ liar), Hrunting, the giant’s sword, Gawain’s shield, the girdle (remember characters themselves can also be symbols).

Allusions: for each story or book be able to pick out some allusions and link them to a theme.

Beowulf - Cain and Abel, the Bible, Modthryth (bad queen), Heremod (bad king), Sigmund, Finn and Hengest.
Hrolf Kraki - the Bible at the very end. Gawain - the Bible. "Death of Conchobar" - Jesus!
Irony: For each story or book be able to pick out some ironies.


Make sure you keep a list of events from any book or story that backs up a theme. You will need to use examples. Specific examples.

You will need to be able to compare and contrast Battle of Muldon and be able to connect to a theme and used to back up a larger book (such as Beowulf).

Be able to generalize the differences between the following: Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, and Welsh literature, between Old English and Middle English.

Zack Was here...

Comparison of Arthur's Court and the Other Court

Games:

• King Arthur's Court: carol dances, jousting, tournaments, guessed about the presents, singing, music
• Mysterious Court: dancing and carolling, hunting-Gawain is game, music, sports

Decorations:

• King Arthur's Court: jewels, colorful banners, silver dishes, rich metals, silk curtains, drapes, colorful beverages (before they're consumed), brilliant colors, fabric from Toulouse and Turkestan.
• Mysterious Court: glorious colors, red-gold, party colors, foreign silk from Toulouse and Turkestan, fine carpets, silver dishes, quilted cushions, built of fine stone, gorgeous castle.

Attitudes:

• Arthur's Court: merry, happy, joyful, welcoming, offended and combative toward the Green Giant, Arthur demands a story, childish, having fun.
• Mysterious Court: hospitable, welcoming, merry, joyful, jubilant, polite, laid back.

Sir Gawain & The Green Knight

Themes:

Appearance vs. Reality
Paganism vs. Christianity
Faith - the meaning of faith
Magic
the Role of the Knight

Motifs:

Colors - Green, Red, Gold
Games
Magical Things

Symbols:

Holly Branch
Axe
Green
Setting
Girdle
Gawain's shield

Hrolf Kraki Theme

The most interesting theme in Hrolf Kraki, in my opinion, is the theme of magic and Paganism. My favorite example of this being the sons of Bjorn. Elk-Frodi is half elk, and also has some other magical abilities, like being able to keep an eye on his brother via an enchanted rock. Thorir has dog feet, but besides that is perfectly normal. He becomes king of the Gauts after following advice from his brother, Elf-Frodi. Bodvar is the normal one of the brothers, except for his unheard-of moral attitude. He, following Elk-Frodi's uncanny advice, becomes a great warrior for King Hrolf. All of the brothers each has an enchanted weapon that was their inheritance from their father. No one can wield the weapon except for them. Their father, Bjorn, was even a were-bear, cursed by a troll-woman, Hvit. At the beginning of the saga,Vifil watches over Helgi and Hroar with his magic, while Frodi tries to use a sorceress to find the brothers. Helgi's daughter, Skuld, Hrolf's half-sister, is part elf. In addition to all the instances of magic, Paganistic views are also seen through the motif of blood drinking. In this culture, drinking certain blood gives you immediate strength and power. Magic is an important theme to Hrolf Kraki. It makes the book interesting, as well as providing a taste of culture and understanding of the characters.

Hrolf Kraki Characters

Adils - King of Sweden, marries Yrsa, kills Helgi.
Agnar - son of Hroar, mighty warrior, tries to get the magic ring.
Bera - a freeman's daughter, in love with Bjorn, eats the bear meet and gets the ring, has three strong sons.
Beygad - son of Svip, brother of Svipdag.
Bjalki - one of Hrolf's men.
Bjorn - son of Hring, gets turned into a were-bear by Hvit, in love with Bera, impregnates Bera, gets killed by the king and his men.
Bodvar Bjarki - the only normal son of Bera and Bjorn.
Drifa - daughter of Hrolf.
Elk-Frodi - lower half of his body is part elk, first son of Bera and Bjorn, becomes an outlaw after taking his less-than-pleasing inheritance.
Finn - King of Finnmark, father of Hvit.
Frodi - king at the beginning of the book, takes Denmark from Halfdan (his brother), tries to kill Hroar and Helgi, dies in an arson.
Halfdan - King of Denmark in the beginning, killed by Frodi, father of Helgi and Hroar.
Ham - undercover identity of Hroar.
Helgi - son of Halfdan, hides with Vifil, then hides with Jarl Saevil and Signy, kills Frodi, rules Denmark, tries to marry Olof, tricks and rapes Olof, marries Yrsa (his daughter), gives Hroar the magic ring, avenges Hroar by killing Hrok, father of Hrolf, is left by Yrsa, becomes depressed, father of Skuld by an elf, killed by Adils.
Heid - seeress for Frodi.
Hjorvard - marries Skuld, tricked by Hrolf.
Ho - one of Vifil's dogs, used to conceal the identity of Helgi.
Hopp - the other one of Vifil's dogs, used to conceal Hroar.
Hrani - undercover identity of Helgi.
Hring - King of Norway, father of Bjorn, marries Hvit.
Hroar - son of Halfdan, hides with Vifil, then hides with Jarl Saevil and Signy, kills Frodi, marries Ogn, gets ring from Helgi, cuts off Hrok's feet after he throws the ring, killed by Hrok.
Hrok - son of Saevil and Signy, wants the ring from Helgi, tries to get the ring from Hroar, throws the ring into the ocean, gets feet cut off by Hroar, kills Hroar, tries to marry Ogn, mutilated by Helgi.
Hrolf - son of Helgi and Yrsa, takes in Svipdag and his brothers, tricks Hjorvard.
Hvit - daughter of Finn, part magic, marries Hring, tries to seduce Bjorn, turns Bjorn into a were-bear, gets Bera to eat the bear meat.
Hvitserk - one of Svipdag's brothers.
Ingebjorg - mother of Hvit.
Nordri - King of England, father of Ogn.
Ogn - daughter of Nordri, marries Hroar, mother of Agnar, wouldn't marry Hrok because she was pregnant, got Helgi to defeat Hrok.
Olof - Queen fo Saxland, like Modthryth, tricks Helgi, then tricked by Helgi, mother of Yrsa, tells the happy couple of Yrsa and Helgi that they are father and daughter.
Regin - foster-father of Hroar and Helgi, hides them, helps burn Frodi, dies.
Saevil - husband of Signy, a Jarl, allows "Ham" and "Hrani" to hide with him, helps kill Frodi, father of Hrok, dies.
Signy - daughter of Halfdan, wife of Jarl Saevil, recognizes Hroar and Helgi, mother of Hrok.
Sigrid - mother of Hroar and Helgi.
Skuld - Helgi's half-elf daughter, half-sister of Hrolf, marries Hjorvard, bad.
Skur - daughter of Hrolf.
Svip - Swedish farmer, father of Svipdag, Beygad, and Hvitserk, has a dream and sends the brothers to help Svipdag, tells his sons about Hrolf.
Svipdag - son of Svip, becomes great warrior, works for Adils and then Hrolf.
Thorir Hound's Foot - son of Bjorn and Bera, has dog feet.
Var & Var - Frodi's smiths.
Vifil - knows magic, lives on an island, hides Helgi and Hroar.
Yrsa - daughter of Olof and Helgi, marries Helgi, leaves Helgi, gives Hrolf Helgi's treasure.

Beowulf - Numero Tres!

1. Beowulf is not a good king. He didn't choose to be king, so I don't blame him for his lack of kingliness, but he doesn't really have the qualities that make up a good ruler. Though he was king for 50 years, Beowulf is stuck in his warrior mindset, which causes him many problems on the throne. He goes off to fight the dragon practically by himself, mainly out of pride, and dies. In his place, there is no one suitable to take over the throne seeing as he didn't teach anyone to do so or proclaim anyone king after him. Beowulf left his people without leadership and guidance, and susceptible to destruction. Beowulf acts off of his own pride and essentially becomes the downfall of Geatland.

2. The most important part of section three of Beowulf is when Beowulf finally dies. He leaves behind nothing for his country to hold on to, and so determines the fate of an entire nation. He is also the centerpiece of the story, and so it's pretty much over when he's dead.

3. For me, the most interesting part of Beowulf is, well, the whole thing. The characters and their backstories are fun to learn about, and once you know them, it's like you've learned some new amazing tale that no one else knows about. The culture and society that is set up in Beowulf is also interesting, to see how their societal norms affected their way of life. How Beowulf was written, the structure, is entertaining because there are obvious breaks between the monks sermons and the actual text. I also like how Beowulf was written in a poetic style, but not so poetic that it's annoying. I really like all of the character's names too. Oh, and of course the monsters are cool.

4. The dragon represents Beowulf's pride, his ultimate downfall. Beowulf was, in essence, unable to defeat his own nature and become victorious in his inner conflict.

Vocab.!!

obsolete - adj. - no longer produced or used; out of date

paucity - n. - scarcity

Philistine - n. - a member of a non-Semitic people of southern Palestine in ancient times, who came into conflict with the Israelites during the 12th and 11th centuries BC; a person who is hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts, or who has no understanding of them

meticulous - adj. - showing great attention to detail

officious - adj. - intrusively enthusiastic in offering help or advice; interfering

peruse - v. - examine carefully or at length

mitigate - v. - make less severe, serious, or painful

perfidy - n. - deceitfulness; untrustworthiness

morose - adj. - sullen and ill-tempered

Beowulf Final Schtuff.

Structures: Be able to explain the following structures (example how they work and what themes the reinforce).

2-Part Structure - The story of Beowulf can be broken into two parts: when Bewoulf is a young warrior, and when Bewoulf is an old king. Backs up the themes of the Role of a Warrior and the Role of a King as it follows Beowulf's path through these two parts of life. Wyrd is also a major component of this structure because Beowulf believes strongly in fate and destiny.
3-Part Structure - Beowulf can be broken into three parts, one for each monster in the story. Part one tells of Grendel, part two of Grendel's mother, and part three of the dragon. This structure also backs up the themes of the Role of a Warrior, the Role of a King (through digressions in parts one and two as well as Beowulf's kingship in part three), along with the themes of the Role of Women (seen mainly through Grendel's mom and the digressions), and Paganism Vs. Christianity.
Parallelism - Parallelism is seen throughout Beowulf, mainly through digressions. Beowulf is contrasted with Heremod; and paralleled to Shield, Sigmund, and Hrothgar. Queen Hygd is both contrasted and paralleled to Modthryth. Heorot is paralleled to Beowulf's mead-hall when it is attacked by the dragon. The digressions make up their own structure for Beowulf. Parallelism backs up the themes of the Role of Warriors, the Role of Kings, and the Role of Women. The characters that are brought together through parallelism are all proponents of these major themes.
Story About 3 Nations - Beowulf can be seen as the separate histories of the Danes (Shieldings), the Geats, and the Swedes. The story goes through the lineage and interactions of all three nations through digressions. It follows the downfall of the Danes and the Geats, and the rise of the Swedes, who eventually take over. This structure reinforces the themes of Exile, Kin Killing, Peace Pledges, Wergild, and Wyrd. All of these themes determine causes and effects between the interactions of the nations.
Interlinking Loops - Beowulf goes back and forth between stories within the main story, the digressions. People within the stories are linked by parallelism, or are contrasted with other characters throughout history. Foreshadow plays a big role in this structure; it links the past with the present and the future. Thsi structure backs up the themes of Exile and Kin Killing (as they are present during many of the stories), Wergild and Wyrd (also major players in this culture), the Roles of Kings and Warriors (they are contrasted and compared), the Role of Women (throughout the history of the culture), and the idea of Peace Pledges (how they do or do not work out and the outcomes).

Digressions: Be able to explain the following digressions and how they reinforce one of themes.

Hengest and Finn - The story of Hengest and Finn is the second funeral scene in Beowulf. Hildeburh was the queen of the Frisians, a peace pledge from the Danes. Her brother was Hnaef, and her husband was Finn, king of the Frisians. Hnaef is killed by the Frisians. Finn's hall is ambushed by the Danes, under Hengest, the new ruler of the Danes, and Finn is killed. Hildeburh is taken back to Denmark. This digression shows the Role of Women and Peace Pledges through Hildeburh, and also Wergild and Kin Killing.
Sigmund - The scop compares Beowulf to Sigmund after he defeats Grendel. Sigmund was the hero of the Volsung Saga who killed a great dragon with his nephew and son, Fitela. This foreshadows Beowulf's dragon. Sigmund was a good warrior and king. The digression of Sigmund reinforces the themes of the Role of a Warrior and the Role of a King.
Heremod - Heremod was a horrible king who was full of pride and made decisions based on his own greed. He was also a kin killer. Heremod was betrayed and ambushed in Jutland. Beowulf is contrasted with Heremod, but is also used as a foreshadow of Beowulf's pride. Heremod backs up the themes of the Role of a King and Kin Killing.
Modthryth - Queen Modthryth was a bad queen because she acted like a warrior (a man. She killed anyone who looked at her wrong. She became a good, tame queen when she married Offa. Hygd is both contrasted and compared to Modthryth. Modthryth backs up the Role of Women and the idea of Peace Pledges.
How Beowulf becomes King - Hygelac dies in Friesland, and Hygd offers Beowulf the throne. Beowulf doesn't accept the offer, so Hygelac's son, Heardred, becomes king. Beowulf guides Heardred, but Heardred is killed by some Swedish exiles, and Beowulf is forced into the throne. He rules as king of the Geats for 50 years, paralleling Hrothgar. This backs up the themes of the Role of a Warrior, the Role of a King, and the idea of Wyrd.
Hygelac's Death - Hygelac goes on a raid to Friesland and gets killed. He is succeeded by Beowulf. Hygelac's goes hand in hand with how Beowulf became king and represents the themes of the Role of a King, the Role of a Warrior, and Wyrd.
Why the Geats will be overrun - Wiglaf predicts that the Geats will be overrun after Beowulf dies while fighting the dragon. Beowulf is no longer there to be a "shield" to his people, and his country is unprotected. He didn't really raise any warriors or secure the future of Geatland. Wiglaf's prediction shows the themes of the Role of a Warrior, the Role of a King, and the idea of Wyrd.

Explain the following motifs and themes with detailed examples from the text (three for each).

Exile - Exile was the worst thing that could happen to a person in this society. It would mean that they essentially had no home or kin, and could be killed by anyone at anytime. Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, was an exile, but was taken in by Hygelac and Hrothgar. Heardred, Hygelac's son, is killed by Swedish exiles. Grendel was an exile to society, and so lashed out on Hrothgar's hall. Exiles were always causing problems...
Kin Killing - Kin killing was the worst crime someone could commit. Unferth was seen as a bad warrior because he was a cowardly kin killer. Cain, from the Bible, killed his brother Abel, and started the whole curse of Grendel. Heremod was a kin killer and was betrayed by his own people.
Wergild and Wyrd - Wergild is blood money, paid by the murderer to the family of the slain. You couldn't really pay wergild if you killed someone who was related to you, which is why kin killing was so bad. Wyrd means fate, and was believed to cause everything in this culture. The paying of wergild, or the lack of wergild, determined the outcome of many feuds. Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, killed Heatholaf, of the Wylfings, and was unable to pay the wergild, so Hrothgar paid it for him. Haethcyn, one of Hrethel's sons, kills his brother, Herebeald, and no restitution can be made, so Hrethel dies in misery. Wyrd mainly backs up the theme of Paganism Vs. Christianity. Beowulf talks about wyrd, while the monks cut and paste sections of sermons into the text. When Beowulf goes to fight the dragon, he knows that wyrd will determine his death that day.
Role of Kings - Kings were supposed to take care of their people and make sure that the country would live on after them. They weren't meant to go out and get themselves killed, like Hygelac and Beowulf did. Shield was the best king anyone could ask for and led his people justly. Heremod was a bad king and did things for his own well-being. Hrothgar was a good king, and instead of dying while trying to defeat Grendel himself, had Beowulf do the job for him. Beowulf made a better warrior than a king.

Role of Warrior - Beowulf was the ultimate warrior. He defeated monsters, got a lot of rewards, saved kingdoms with his clever devices, and was the definition of strength. Warriors were meant to protect their home and their lord. Unferth was a bad warrior because he was a cowardly kin killer who couldn't handle his mead. He was jealous of Beowulf. Sigmund was a good warrior who defeated a dragon and is compared to Beowulf in many ways.
Role of Women - In this culture, women were the lesser gender. They weren't respected and didn't really have any place but to obey their husbands, be mannerly, and follow the rules. Any woman who had her own sense of free will was considered bad. Queen Modthryth was a bad queen because she made her own decisions and acted like a warrior. The story tells how she redeems herself though, by becoming a good house-wife for Offa and making peace. Hygd is Hygelac's queen and played her part well. She was praised for taking good care of the mead hall and keeping the peace. Wealtheow, the wife of Hrothgar, is a good queen who knows when to shut her mouth when dealing with the plans of men. She is intelligent, but is not seen as such by the men in the society. Grendel's mom is seen as an evil monster because she does not follow the restrictions put on women. She attacks Heorot after Beowulf kills her son, which would be acceptable is she were a man trying to compensate for wergild, but because she is a woman, she is in the wrong.
Paganism vs. Christianity - Beowulf is full of contrasts between Paganism and Christianity. The monks who wrote Beowulf definitely put in their own little ideas. The culture that Beowulf centers around was obviously pagan: Hrothgar makes an animal sacrifice, Beowulf puts his life in the hands of wyrd, and the monsters are from pagan traditions. Christianity contrasts this. Hrothgar goes off on a big speal about how the Lord was watching over Beowulf, and the monks put in their sermons. The bring up the idea of heathenistic views and state that everyone would be better off if they could just put their trust in the Almighty God.
Peace Pledges - Women were mainly used as peace pledges, and their worth was determined by whether or not they failed at this task. Peace pledges determined the outcomes of feuds and wars. Wealtheow is a working peace pledge between the Wulfings and the Danes. Hildeburh is a failed peace pledge between the Danes and the Frisians and causes her son, husband, and brother to die in a horrible feud. Freawaru, daughter of Hrothgar, who is married to Ingeld, a Heathobard, fails as a peace pledge. The Danes show up at the wedding with old battle treasures taken from the Heathobards, and of course this is Freawaru's fault, which starts up another feud.

Literary Terms:

Kenning - a metaphorical phrase or compound metaphor used instead of the actual name of the thing (line 10 - "whale-road", line 1259 - "hell-bride", line 1905 - "sea-shawl", line 1368 - "heather-stepper")
Litotes - a kind of humorous understatement meant to be ironic (lines 764-765 - "it was the worst trip the terror-monger had take to Heorot", lines 565-566 - "Instead, in the morning, mangled and sleeping the sleep of the sword", lines 2574-2576 - "that final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle")
Flyting - a game of verbal taunting between warriors (lines 500-606 - the trash talking between Unferth and Beowulf)
Epic Boast - bragging done by an epic hero (lines 407-455 - Beowulf's introduction to Hrothgar)
Apositive - a building-up of phrases that mean the same thing (lines 4-5 - "There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes", line 1682 - "that murdering, guilt-steeped, God-cursed fiend")
Alliteration - the repitition of consonant sounds (line 302 - "broad-beamed, bound by its hawser", line 2087 - "devilishly fitted dragon-skins", line 3119 - "Feather-fledged, it finned the barb in flight")
Symbols - Hrunting: the sword given to Beowulf by Unferth, represents peace, (swords in general represent power and victory). Heorot: means hart (deer), represents kingship and royalty, all things right with the Danes and Hrothgar. The Dragon: symbolizes Beowulf's pride and his inner conflict. Grendel's lair: symbolizes the underworld, or hell, depending on Paganism or Christianity.
Censura - a strong pause within a line, kind of like punctuation.

Characters/Names/Places know the following:

Shield - the long-dead king of the Danes. A great warrior and king. Ancestor of Hrothgar. Parallel to Beowulf. (A good king is a shield to his people.)
Heorot - Hrothgar's splendiferous mead-hall, almost completely destroyed by Grendel, but saved by Beowulf.
Halfdane - son of Beow, grandson of Shield, father of Hrothgar.
Hrothgar - king of the Shieldings (Danes). Plagued by Grendel, forever indebted to Beowulf. Descendant of Shield. A good king.
Beow - son of Shield, father of Halfdane.
Wealtheow - wife of Hrothgar. Lots o' foreshadow, especially towards her sons. Very intelligent even though she is a woman (I say that last bit sarcastically, of course). Gives Beowulf advice. A working peace pledge.
Hildeburh - wife of Finn and sister of Hnaef, a failed peace-bride. Sees her son, husband, and brother die.
Freawaru - daughter of Hrothgar, and peace-bride to Ingeld, a Heathobard. Their marriage starts up another feud between the Danes and the Heathobards. Another failed peace pledge.
Hrethric - Hrothgar's son, meant to inherit the Danish throne. Beowulf offers to house and take care of Hrethric if Hrothgar ever wishes Beowulf to teach him. Betrayed by his cousin, Hrothulf.
Heorogar - son of Halfdane, brother of Hrothgar.
Hygd - Haereth's daughter, and wife of Hygelac. Contrasted and paralleled to Modthryth. Very good queen. Successful peace pledge. Offers the throne to Beowulf after Hygelac is dead.
Hrethel - previous king to the Geats. Hygelac's father, and also fostered Beowulf when he was young. Dies of a broken heart due to his son's death.
Ecgtheow - Beowulf's father, Hygelac's brother-in-law. Married to the daughter of Hrethel. Killed Heatholaf, but couldn't pay the wergild, so Hrothgar paid it for him. Dies when Bewoulf is young; cause of death: unknown.
Handscio - one of the men that went with Beowulf to defeat Grendel. The one that gets eaten in his sleep before Beowulf attacks.
Geatland - land of the Geats, Beowulf's people. Ruled by Hygelac. Now a part of Sweden.
Unferth - pretty much Hrothgar's court jester. A drunkard who starts fights even though he knows he can't win. A cowardly kin-killer. Loans Beowulf his sword, Hrunting, to defeat Grendel's mom.
Wulgar - the herald of Hrothgar. Wise and a good warrior.
Breca - Beowulf's friend who beats him in a swimming match, but only because Beowulf has to fight sea monsters. Brought up by Unferth.
Aeschere - Hrothgar's advisor. Killed by Grendel's mom.
Modthryth - a bad queen; she killed anyone who looked at her wrong, that is, until, she got married to Offa. She was then miraculously transformed into a happy-go-lucky hostess, what a woman was supposed to be.
Hrunting - the sword Unferth gives to Beowulf to kill Grendel's mom with.
Hnaef - king of the Danes. Killed by the Frisians.

Finn - king of the Frisians. Killed by the Hengest, a Dane, in an ambush.

Hengest - leader of the Danes after Hnaef. Ends up killing Finn even after a peace oath.
Sigmund - The hero of the Volsung Saga. Kills a great dragon and gets a ton of money and fame. Parallels to Beowulf, and foreshadow. A good warrior.
Haethcyn - One of Hrethel's sons, and Hygelac's brother. Accidentally killed his brother Herebeald with an arrow. Captures the Swedish queen, Ongentheow's wife, and begins a feud.
Onela - a Swedish king who usurped the throne. Son of Ongentheow and brother of Ohthere. Begins a war with the Geats. Killed by Beowulf after Beowulf befriends Eadgils, Onela's nephew.
Wiglaf - the inexperienced warrior that stays to fight the dragon even after Beowulf is obviously ging to fail. Uses the weapons and armor of his father, Weohstan, an exile, who had killed Eanmund, the son of Ohthere. The last of the Waegmundings, the clan that Ecgtheow blonged to, so he is Beowulf's kin. Helps Beowulf slay the dragon. Predicts the downfall of the Geats.
Eofor - a Geatish warrior. Kills Ongentheow in the name of Hygelac.
Ongentheow - a great Swedish king, kind of like Shield is to Beowulf's people. Kills Haethcyn. Killed by Hygelac (Eofor).

Grendel - the monster that wreaks Havoc on Heorot that Beowulf kills. A descendant of Cain who is cursed to live the life of an outcast and can't speak coherently (But really, he's just misunderstood...). Still lives with his mom.

Beowulf - the epic hero. The greatest warrior who ever lived. Saves Hrothgar and his people. A Geat from across the sea. Has a mysterious past involving his father. Has a pride issue. Becomes king after Hygelac, for 50 years, but doesn't do a very good job because he can't let go of the past (Gatsby, anyone?). Doesn't want to be king, but is kind of forced into it. Dies at the talons of a dragon.

Hygelac - king of Geatland before Beowulf; died in Friesland.

Heremod - told about in the same story of Sigmund. Parallels to Beowulf. A bad king who was full of pride and greed. Betrayed and ambushed.

Heardred - Hygelac's son and heir. Counselled by Beowulf after Hygelac's death. Killed by some exiles, sons of Ohthere, during Swedish feuds.

Dayraven - just a cool name I found. A Frank killed by Beowulf.

Beowulf Part II

Important Themes:

Role of a king - Beowulf is contrasted with Heremod, who was a bad king (foreshadow) and paralleled with Shield, who was the best king. Hrothgar is a good king who is generous and presents many gifts to Beowulf in return for saving his kingdom.

Role of women - Grendel's mom is seen as an evil monster, even though it is completely understandable to lash out after your son is killed. Queen Modthryth is an example of a bad queen; she killed anyone who looked at her wrong, that is, until, she got married to Offa. She was then miraculously transformed into a happy-go-lucky hostess, what a woman was supposed to be. Haereth's daughter, Hygd, takes care of Hygelac's hall like a good girl should, and is both contrasted and paralleled to Modthryth.

Role of warriors - Beowulf is the uber warrior. His reknown is heard of all across the land after defeating Grendel and his mom, but will all of his boasting and treasure go to his head?

Paganism vs. Christianity - The monsters obviously represent Pagan views, as much as the monk's sermons represent Christianity (even though Beowulf is not a Christian). The magical Giant sword found in Grendel's lair represent Paganism. Hrothgar goes off on a big speal about how the Lord was watching over Beowulf and all that.

Wyrd & Wergild - Beowulf attributes everything to wyrd, fate, instead of God. In this culture, women can't get Wergild, so Grendel's mom couldn't really get much but revenge.

Structure:

parallelism - line 1709: Beowulf contrasted with Heremod; lines 1925-1962: Hygd compared to Modthryth; lines 2180-2189: Beowulf paralleled with Shield.

three-part structure - Part 1: Grendel; Part 2: Grendel's mom; Part 3: the dragon.

Literary Elements:

allusions - lines 1724-1757 (among innumerous other places): the Bible; line 1709: Heremod; lines 1931-1962: Queen Modthryth and Offa; lines 1260-1270: Cain and Abel.

kennings - line 1259: "hell-bride"; line 1368: "heather-stepper"; line 1905: "sea-shawl".

appositives - line 1682: "that murdering, guilt-steeped, God-cursed fiend"; lines 1922-1923: "Hrethel's son and heir, Hygelac the gold-giver".

symbols - lines 1605-1611: the sword Beowulf finds in Grendel's mom's lair (Paganism); lines 1458-1464: Hrunting, Unferth's sword (peace); swords (power, wealth, victory).

foreshadow - line 2087: "a rare patchwork of devilishly fitted dragon-skins".

Grendel's mom attacks Heorot and takes the wise sage, Aeschere to her lair, leaving the head outside as a sign. Beowulf travels to her lair, underwater, in a dark, creepy forest, and swims for a day to get to Grendel's mom. He tries to fight her with a sword given to him from Unferth, but it doesn't work. He finds another sword, forged by giants, in the lair and uses it to kill Grendel's mom by cutting her arm off, like he did Grendel. He also finds Grendel's body and cuts off his head to take back as a trophy. He is rewarded and praised back at Heorot and is sent back to Hygelac with many stories and treasures. Beowulf boasts a lot. Beowulf is made king after Hygelac and fifty years pass. Now a dragon is taking advantage over Beowulf and his people...

Beowulf - Part Uno

Characters:

Grendel - the monster that wreaks Havoc on Heorot that Beowulf kills. A descendant of Cain who is cursed to live the life of an outcast and can't speak coherently (But really, he's just misunderstood...). Still lives with his mom.

Beowulf - the epic hero. The greatest warrior who ever lived. Saves Hrothgar and his people. A Geat from across the sea. Has a mysterious past involving his father. Has a pride issue.

Hrothgar - king of the Shieldings. Plagued by Grendel, forever indebted to Beowulf. Descendant of Shield. A good king.

Fitela - BOTH SIGMUND'S SON AND NEPHEW?! EWWWWWWWW!! Goes to defeat the dragon with Sigmund, but doesn't really help.

Sigmund - The hero of the Volsung Saga. Kills a great dragon and gets a ton of money and fame. Parallels to Beowulf. A good warrior.

Wulgar - the herald of Hrothgar. Wise and a good warrior.

Heremod - told about in the same story of Sigmund. Parallels to Beowulf. A bad king who was full of pride and greed. Betrayed and ambushed.

Finn - king of the Frisians. Killed by the Hengest, a Dane, in an ambush.

Hnaef - king of the Danes. Killed by the Frisians.

Hildeburh - wife of Finn and sister of Hnaef, a failed peace-bride.

Hengest - leader of the Danes after Hnaef. Ends up killing Finn even after a peace oath.

Wealtheow - wife of Hrothgar. Lots o' foreshadow, especially towards her sons. Very intelligent even though she is a woman (I say that last bit sarcastically, of course). Gives Beowulf advice.

Unferth - pretty much Hrothgar's court jester. A drunkard who starts fights even though he knows he can't win. A cowardly kin-killer.

Shield Sheafson - the long-dead king of the Danes. A great warrior and king. Ancestor of Hrothgar.

Halfdane - son of Beow, grandson of Shield, father of Hrothgar.

Beow - son of Shield, father of Halfdane.

Literary Terms:

Kenning - a metaphorical phrase or compound metaphor used instead of the actual name of the thing (line 10 - whale-road, line 142 - hall-watcher, line 160 - death-shadow)

litote - a kind of humorous understatement meant to be ironic (lines 764-765 - "it was the worst trip the terror-monger had take to Heorot", lines 565-566 - "Instead, in the morning, mangled and sleeping the sleep of the sword")

flyting - a game of verbal taunting between warriors (lines 500-606 - the trash talking between Unferth and Beowulf)

appositive - a building-up of phrases that mean the same thing (lines 4-5 - "There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes.")

alliteration - the repitition of consonant sounds (line 3o2 - "broad-beamed, bound by its hawser")

censura - a strong pause within a line

symbol - person, place, thing, or idea that represents a greater idea (mead-hall = power and the people, Grendel's arm = victory)

allusion - a reference to a person, event, statement, or theme found in literature, the arts, myths, religion, or popular culture (the story of Sigmund, the saga of Finn, Cain)

epic boast - bragging done by an epic hero (lines 407-455 - Beowulf's introduction to Hrothgar)

epic hero - a hero in an epic; usually has above-average strength, intelligence, or morals, but also had a tragic flaw. Beowulf fits the definition of an epic hero because he's pretty much the strongest, most agile, most clever man ever (or so the book would have you believe). His flaw is that he is proud, just like Odysseus.

Motifs and Themes:

Exile - Exile is seen mainly in Grendel, because he is an outcast from the world. He is divided from other by the curse of Cain. Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, was also an exile.

Kin-killing - Unferth is a kin-killer, as were Cain and Heremod. Kin-killing is seen as the worst possible crime in this society.

Ambush - An ambush is seen in the story of Finn, between the Danes and the Frisians. Heremod is killed in an ambush from Jutland.

Wergild & Wyrd - Wergild means blood money, which in this society, must be payed to the family of someone you kill. Hrothgar talks about the wergild Beowulf's father had to pay for killing Heatholaf in lines 460-463. Wyrd means fate, which is something that this society also lives by. Beowulf talks about wyrd in line 455 - "Fate goes as fate ever must.".

The Role of Kings - The role of kings is a big theme in Beowulf. There are examples of good kings, like Shield Sheafson and Hrothgar, and examples of bad kings, like Heremod. The good kings take care of their people and make the country a better place, whereas bad kings are in it only for their own prideful selves.

The Role of Women - In this society, women are the lesser gender. They are not treated equally to the men, even though they have greater judgement or knowledge, like Wealtheow in lines 1168-1186. One of the biggest roles for a woman is to be a peace-bride between countries. If peace is not kept, than the woman has ultimately failed at life and everything. Hildeburh was a peace-bride, as was Halga, Hrothgar's sister.

The Role of Warriors - Beowulf is a prime example of a good warrior. He is fit and goes bravely into battle prepared. Unferth is an example of a bad warrior, who is cowardly and has no tales to speak of. Beowulf is set in a warrior society, where that is the ultimate role for men.

Paganism vs. Christianity - This theme is most evident when the voice of the monk comes out, like in lines 180-188. God is spoken about often, but so are pagan views, like wyrd.

Digressions:

The story of Sigemund and the Dragon - the Role of Kings, the Role of Warriors, Wyrd, Ambush, Kin-Killing.

The tale of Finn and Hildeburh - the Role of Women, Ambush, the Role of Warriors, the Role of Kings.

The story of Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow - Exile, Wergild, Wyrd, the Role of Warriors.

Beowulf's duel with Breca - the Role of Warriors.

Structure:

2-part - Young Beowulf and old Beowulf.

3-part - 3 monsters.

Summary of "Manawydan Son of Llyr"

Manawydan is talking to his buddy Pryderi about his sadness over the death of his brother, Bendigeidfran. Pryderi tells him to go get some land from his cousin in Wales, but Manawydan doesn't want to go where he will be reminded of his brother's death. Pryderi says that he is in possession of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed and that his mom, Rhiannon, lives there. Pryderi offers his mother and the cantrefs to Manawydan and he accepts. So they travel to Dyfed, and are greeted with a feast prepared by Rhiannon and Pryderi's wife, Cigfa. Rhiannon and Manawydan hook up, and then they all decide to pause the feast until Pryderi returns from tendering his homage to Caswallawn. The three hunt, and wander through the land and fight it very enjoyable. Soon enough, all four of them are the best of friends, and when Pryderi returns, they have a feast at Arberth. Lo, that night, the four, along with some other people, go over to Gorsedd Arberth, and are plagued with thunder, lightning, and mist so that they can't see each other. When the mist subsides, everything is gone. Nothing and no one is left in sight, not even houses or animals. So the four friends go back to the hall, still searching for any sign of life, but none is found. They spend the next two years hunting for sustenance and trying to find those that disappeared, but they are unsuccessful. Manawydan suggests that they move to Lloegyr and take up some craft, so they do. They become fancy saddle-makers, and are very good at what they do. Soon, all of the other saddlers get angry and decide to kill them. Instead of killing the other saddlers first and causing trouble though, Manawydan decides that they will go to another town. So they go to another city and make shields. They run into the same problem as in the other city though, and are again forced to leave. At the third city, Manawydan says that they will be shoemakers because they won't want to fight. The shoemakers did get mad though, and so the group left for Dyfed and hunted for a year. One day, Manawydan and Pryderi were out hunting and they came across a scary, shiny boar. The boar led Manawydan, Pryderi, and their hunting dogs to a caer, and proceeded to run inside, followed by the dogs. After a while of waiting for the dogs to come back out, Pryderi decides to go in and get them, against Manawydan's advice. inside the caer, Pryderi finds a fancy fountain and a golden, hanging bowl. He is so captivated by the bowl that he goes over and touches it. He is then stuck in that position and can't speak. Manawydan eventually goes back home, leaving Pryderi in the caer. Rhiannon asks where Pryderi is, and after learning, goes to the caer. She ends up touching the bowl herself and ending up in the same state as Pryderi. The caer then disappears in a sudden bout of mist and thunder. Cigfa then learns that no one is left but her and Manawydan and so she becomes depressed. Manawydan says he'll never leave her though, and so that makes her feel better. The two then travel to Lloegyr where Manawydan is again a shoemaker. The shoemakers hate him again, and they go back to Dyfed. In Dyfed, Manawydan hunts and starts to grow wheat. When it is harvesting time, Manawydan checks the crops at night to make sure they're ready for harvest, but then in the morning the ears of wheat were gone. This happened twice. On the third night, Manawydan kept watch over his crop. Around midnight, innumerous amounts of mice showed up and started taking the ears of wheat. Manawydan knew it was impossible for him to catch all the mice, so he just caught the fattest (pregnant) one. When he went back to Cigfa, she asked what he had in his glove. To which Manawydan said, "A thief,". Manawydan was dedicated to hanging the mouse, which Cigfa thought was crazy, but he went up to Arberth and made preparations anyway. As he is preparing to hang the mouse, a clerk shows up, the first person Manawydan has seen in seven years besides his three friends. The clerk tells Manawydan to let the mouse go, but Manawydan doesn't comply. The clerk even tries to buy it from him. The clerk leaves, but after him comes a priest. The priest has the same response, as does Manawydan. The same encounter happens with a bishop, but the bishop offers anything Manawydan wants in return for the mouse. Manawydan tells the bishop he wants the curse to be lifted off Dyfed and Rhiannon and Pryderi back. He also requests to know who the mouse is. It turns out to be the bishop's wife. The bishop then goes on to explain how it was he who enchanted the cantrefs to avenge Gwawl, for Pryderi's father had played "Badger in the Bag" on him ("In the Mabinogi the heroes play a grim game called ‘badger-in-the-bag’, derived from the way the fierce badger is subdued and captured. Pwyll captures Rhiannon's rival suitor, Gwawl, in a giant bag."). Llwyd, the bishop, explains how he turned his warriors into mice to destroy Manawydan's crops, for he was dwelling in the land. Then the ladies of the court and Llwyd's wife asked to be transformed into mice too, so they were. The bishop tells Manawydan he will grant his other requests if he lets his wife go. Manawydan also makes him promise that no enchantment will ever befall Dyfed again and vengeance will not be taken on he and his friends. Pryderi and Rhiannon, who have been enduring working for Llwyn, then come over the hill, and Manawydan sets the mouse free. Llwyn turns her wife back into a human with his wand , and returns Dyfed back to the way it was, with all of its inhabitants.

Beowulf Vocab.

scop - n. - Olde English bard or poet
The scop told stories to no avail, for the people still threw apples at him.

sinews - n. - tendons, the source of strength
We cut the sinews of the musk ox.

spawn - n. - any person or thing regarded as the offspring of some stock, idea, etc.
Kittens are the spawn of cats.

infamous - adj. - having an extremely bad reputation
I don't give a hoot about my infamous reputation. (Yes, that was a play on "Bad Reputation" by Joan Jett.)

hoary - adj. - ancient or venerable
My grandfather is hoary.

murky - adj. - dark, gloomy, vague, unclear
The crocodile swam in the murky waters.

purge - v. - to rid of whatever is impure or undesirable
The Pied Piper was out to purge Europe of rats (and children).

reparation - n. - the making of amends for wrong or injury done
My brother had to make reparation for getting the Nirvana hoodie before I did.

lament - v. - to feel or express sorrow or regret for
The old bear began to lament after witnessing the death of it's spouse.

heathen - n. - irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized, pagan
My best friend's parents once told her that my family was a bunch of heathens.

cowering - v. - to crouch, as in fear or shame
The frog was cowering in fear under the gaze of the hawk.